Síndrome dos ovários policísticos: particularidades no manejo da infertilidade / Polycystic ovary syndrome: particularities in the management of infertility

A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) é responsável por cerca de 80% dos casos de infertilidade anovulatória. Não há na literatura evidências suficientes para a definição do tratamento ideal da infertilidade na SOP, mas repete-se que deve ser iniciado por mudanças no estilo de vida, e frequentemente envolve a indução farmacológica da ovulação e, em casos selecionados, as técnicas de reprodução assistida e o drilling ovariano laparoscópico. Este texto pretende reunir informações atuais sobre o manejo da infertilidade em mulheres com SOP e, dessa forma, permitir ao ginecologista a escolha da melhor abordagem, de forma Individualizada e baseada nas melhores evidências disponíveis.(AU)

Description and evaluation of experimental models for uterine transplantation in pigs / Descrição e avaliação de modelos experimentais para transplante uterino em suínos

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the technique of uterine transplantation and the use of drugs used in the process of immunosuppression. Methods: We included 12 sows, and immunosuppression was performed with minimal doses of cyclosporine, and cross-match was done to exclude the possibility of blood incompatibility. Hysterectomy was performed in the donor under general anesthesia, with the removal of the aorta and inferior vena cava in monobloc, and anastomosis of these vessels was made in the recipient. Results: Six experiments were performed, and on the immediate postoperative period, five animals had good reperfusion. However, on the seventh postoperative day, histological analysis showed rejection in five animals. Conclusion: The experimental model of uterine transplantation is feasible, but monitoring doses of immunosuppressants is pivotal to prevent rejection episodes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a técnica de transplante uterino e o uso de drogas no processo de imunossupressão. Métodos: Foram incluídas 12 porcas, sendo realizada imunossupressão com doses mínimas de ciclosporina, e prova cruzada para afastar a possibilidade de incompatibilidade sanguínea. Realizou-se, na doadora, histerectomia sob anestesia geral, com a retirada, em monobloco, da aorta e da veia cava inferior, de tal forma que, na receptora, fosse possível realizar a anastomose com estes vasos. Resultados: Foram realizados seis experimentos e, no pós-operatório imediato, houve boa reperfusão em cinco animais. Entretanto, no sétimo dia de pós-operatório, as análises histológicas demonstraram rejeição em cinco deles. Conclusão: O modelo experimental de transplante uterino é factível, mas a monitorização das doses de imunossupressores é importante, a fim de impedir os episódios de rejeição.

Sheep Model for Uterine Transplantation: The Best Option Before Starting a Human Program

OBJECTIVE: This study reports the first four cases of a uterine transplant procedure conducted in sheep in Latin America. The aim of this study was to evaluate the success of uterine transplantation in sheep. METHOD: The study was conducted at Laboratory of Medical Investigation 37 (LIM 37) at the University of São Paulo School of Medicine. Four healthy mature ewes weighing 40-60 kg were used as both the donor and recipient for a transplant within the same animal (auto-transplant). Institutional guidelines for the care of experimental animals were followed. RESULTS: The first two cases of auto-transplant were performed to standardize the technique. After complete uterine mobilization and isolation of the blood supply, the unilateral vascular pedicle was sectioned and anastomosed on the external iliac vessels. After standardization, the protocol was implemented. Procurement surgery was performed without complications or bleeding. After isolation of uterine arteries and veins as well as full mobilization of the uterus, ligation of the distal portion of the internal iliac vessels was performed with subsequent division and end-to-side anastomosis of the external iliac vessels. After vaginal anastomosis, the final case presented with arterial thrombosis in the left uterine artery. The left uterine artery anastomosis was re-opened and flushed with saline solution to remove the clot from the artery lumen. Anastomosis was repeated with restoration of blood flow for a few minutes before another uterine artery thrombosis appeared on the same side. All four animals were alive after the surgical procedure and were euthanized after the experimental period. CONCLUSION: We describe the success of four uterine auto-transplants in sheep models.

Taxa de gravidez em mulheres submetidas à miomectomia histeroscópica / Pregnancy rate in women undergoing hysteroscopic myomectomy

Esta revisão tem como objetivo determinar o efeito da miomectomia histeroscópica sobre a performance reprodutiva de mulheres, com leiomiomas submucosos, tentando engravidar há, pelo menos, 12 meses e sem outras causas definidas de infertilidade. Foram revistos estudos clínicos controlados e randomizados (ECCR) publicados entre janeiro de 2005 e agosto de 2015 nas bases de dados MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine) e a Biblioteca Cochrane. Os desfechos examinados foram a taxa geral de gravidez, taxa de gravidez por tipo de leiomioma submucoso e tempo médio entre a intervenção e a gravidez. As publicações mostraram resultados favoráveis à realização da miomectomia histeroscópica quando comparada à não ressecção do leiomioma, atingindo taxas gerais de gravidez de até 63,4% no grupo intervenção e de apenas 28,2% no grupo controle. Resultados semelhantes ainda foram obtidos quando avaliadas as taxas de gravidez por tipo de leiomiomas submucosos. Apenas um estudo avaliou o tempo médio entre intervenção e gravidez, evidenciando redução significativa deste desfecho nas pacientes submetidas ao procedimento cirúrgico. Um importante benefício com a miomectomia histeroscópica não pode ser excluído nessas pacientes sugerindo um aumento nas taxas de gravidez quando essa cirurgia é realizada. Porém, mais ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados são necessários para comprovar tal benefício.(AU)

This review aim to determine the effect of hysteroscopic myomectomy on reproductive performance of women with submucosal fibroids trying to conceive for at least 12 months and with otherwise unexplained infertility. The analysis was limited to only randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) published between January 2005 and August 2015, with reference to the MEDLINE database (National Library of Medicine) and the Cochrane Library. The selected endpoints were overall pregnancy rate, pregnancy rate by type of submucosal fibroids and mean time between intervention and pregnancy. The studies showed favorable results performing hysteroscopic myomectomy when compared to no resection of the fibroid, reaching overall pregnancy rates of up to 63,4% in the intervention group and only 28,2% in the control group. Similar results were also obtained when evaluated pregnancy rates by the type of submucosal fibroids. Only one study evaluated the mean time between intervention and pregnancy, showing significant reduction in this outcome in patients undergoing the surgical procedure. An important benefit with hysteroscopic myomectomy cannot be excluded in these patients, suggesting an increase in pregnancy rates when the surgery is performed. But more randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm this benefit.(AU)

Uterine transplantation: a systematic review

Up to 15% of the reproductive population is infertile, and 3 to 5% of these cases are caused by uterine dysfunction. This abnormality generally leads women to consider surrogacy or adoption. Uterine transplantation, although still experimental, may be an option in these cases. This systematic review will outline the recommendations, surgical aspects, immunosuppressive drugs and reproductive aspects related to experimental uterine transplantation in women.

Desfecho reprodutivo após septoplastia histeroscópica: estudo retrospectivo / Reproductive outcomes after hysteroscopic septoplasty: a retrospective study

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados reprodutivos após septoplastia histeroscópica. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospetivo observacional por meio de análise dos registos clínicos de 28 mulheres com antecedentes de infertilidade ou de abortos recorrentes, submetidas à septoplastia histeroscópica. Para a avaliação do desfecho reprodutivo foram consultados os registos informáticos dos Cuidados de Saúde Primários e do nosso Centro Hospitalar, no período compreendido entre a septoplastia e a primeira gravidez ou o presente. Os outcomes primários foram a taxa de gravidez, de recém-nascidos e de abortos após septoplastia. O septo uterino foi diagnosticado por ecografia 2D ou 3D e classificado de acordo com a classificação da American Fertility Society. A septoplastia foi realizada na fase folicular do ciclo menstrual, com recurso da energia monopolar, bipolar e/ou microtesoura. Os programas Microsoft Excel e SPSS versão 17 foram utilizados para comparação do desfecho reprodutivo prévio e posterior à septoplastia. Foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher, considerando significado estatístico quando p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Foi realizada septoplastia histeroscópica em 20 doentes (72%) com infertilidade secundária e 8 (28%) com infertilidade primária, tendo sido necessária segunda intervenção para remoção completa do septo em 5 casos (18%). Ocorreu um caso perfuração uterina minor. Após septoplastia histeroscópica, 64% das mulheres engravidaram, obtendo-se uma taxa de nados vivos de 48%; gravidez tubária de 4%; e 19% das doentes tiveram abortos espontâneos. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados do presente estudo estão de acordo com o descrito na literatura, tendo-se obtido uma melhoria significativa dos desfechos reprodutivos, com uma redução da taxa de aborto espontâneo de cinco vezes após a septoplastia histeroscópica. .

PURPOSE: To assess the reproductive outcomes after hysteroscopic septoplasty. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was performed with analysis of the medical records of 28 women with infertility or recurrent abortions undergoing hysteroscopic septoplasty. To evaluate reproductive outcomes we consulted the medical records of our hospital and of primary health care units between septoplasty and the present or first pregnancy. Primary outcomes were pregnancy rate, newborns, and abortions after septoplasty. Uterine septum was diagnosed by 2D or 3D ultrasound and classified according to the American Fertility Society. All procedures were performed in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle using monopolar or bipolar energy and/or microscissors. To compare the reproductive outcomes before and after septoplasty we used Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 17. Fisher's exact test was considered statistically significant if p<0.05. RESULTS: Hysteroscopic septoplasty was performed in 20 patients (72%) with secondary infertility and in 8 patients (28%) with primary infertility. The septum was incompletely removed during the first hysteroscopy in 5 cases (18%), which required a second surgery. One case was complicated with minor uterine perforation. After hysteroscopic septoplasty, 64% of women became pregnant and 48% live neonates were delivered; 4% of the patients had a tubal pregnancy; and 19% had miscarriages. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study are consistent with those described in the literature. Patients obtained a significant improvement of reproductive outcomes with a fivefold reduction in miscarriage rate after hysteroscopic septoplasty. .

Efficacy of Random-start Controlled Ovarian Stimulation in Cancer Patients

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of random-start controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in cancer patients for emergency fertility preservation. In this retrospective comparative study, 22 patients diagnosed with cancer and 44 infertile women undergoing conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) were included. In cancer patients, ovarian stimulation was started on the day of referral, irrespective of their menstrual cycle date. The control group was selected by age matching among women undergoing conventional IVF. COS outcomes were compared between groups. The number of total and mature oocytes retrieved and the oocyte maturity rate were higher in the random-start group than in the conventional-start group. However, duration of ovarian stimulation was longer in the random-start group (11.4 vs. 10.3 days, P = 0.004). The addition of letrozole to lower the estradiol level during COS did not adversely affect total oocytes retrieved. However, oocyte maturity rate was lower in cycles with letrozole than in cycles without letrozole (71.6% vs. 58.2%, P = 0.019). Our study confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of random-start COS in cancer patients.

Efficacy of Random-start Controlled Ovarian Stimulation in Cancer Patients

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of random-start controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in cancer patients for emergency fertility preservation. In this retrospective comparative study, 22 patients diagnosed with cancer and 44 infertile women undergoing conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) were included. In cancer patients, ovarian stimulation was started on the day of referral, irrespective of their menstrual cycle date. The control group was selected by age matching among women undergoing conventional IVF. COS outcomes were compared between groups. The number of total and mature oocytes retrieved and the oocyte maturity rate were higher in the random-start group than in the conventional-start group. However, duration of ovarian stimulation was longer in the random-start group (11.4 vs. 10.3 days, P = 0.004). The addition of letrozole to lower the estradiol level during COS did not adversely affect total oocytes retrieved. However, oocyte maturity rate was lower in cycles with letrozole than in cycles without letrozole (71.6% vs. 58.2%, P = 0.019). Our study confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of random-start COS in cancer patients.

Rol de la laparoscopia en la infertilidad inexplicada: experiencia del Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile / Role of laparoscopy in unexplained infertility

Antecedentes: Existe una tendencia global creciente de no realizar laparoscopia diagnóstica en el estudio de pacientes con infertilidad inexplicada e histerosalpingografía normal. Este tipo de manejo podría tener ciertos inconvenientes dado que existen lesiones, especialmente tuboperitoneales, que no son diagnosticadas y pudiesen influir en los resultados. Nuestro grupo maneja estas pacientes con laparoscopia diagnóstica/terapéutica y posteriormente tres ciclos de inseminación intrauterina. Objetivos: Validar nuestro manejo de la infertilidad inexplicada, estimar la frecuencia de patología pélvica en pacientes con infertilidad inexplicada con histerosalpingografía normal, evaluar la tasa de embarazo posterior a la resolución laparoscópica de su patología y revisar la literatura existente. Resultados: Se revisaron todas las cirugías laparoscópicas realizadas en pacientes con infertilidad inexplicada del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica, entre los años 2007-2011. De estas, 57 pacientes cumplían los criterios de inclusión y 39 recibieron al menos 1 ciclo de inseminación intrauterina posterior al procedimiento. El 82,4 por ciento de las pacientes presentaron hallazgos a la laparoscopia, siendo los más prevalentes la endometriosis grado I y II (57,8 por ciento), y las adherencias pelvianas (43,8 por ciento). De las 57 pacientes que fueron sometidas a laparoscopia diagnóstica/terapéutica, sólo 25 completaron 3 ciclos de inseminación intrauterina posterior, 8 lograron concepción (32 por ciento). Conclusión: Nuestros resultados son similares a los expuestos en otros trabajos en términos de hallazgos patológicos y tasa de fertilidad post laparoscopia. Dado el escaso acceso a técnicas de fertilización in vitro en nuestro medio, nuestro manejo plantea una excelente alternativa para este grupo de pacientes.

Background: There is an increased global tendency for avoiding a diagnostic laparoscopic surgery, among patients with unexplained infertility and a normal histerosalpingography. This decision may have certain consequences, as there may be undiagnosed lesions, such as tuboperitoneal ones, which could have an impact in the management of these patients. Our group treats them with diagnostic therapeutic laparoscopy, followed by three cycles of intrauterine insemination. Objectives: Validate our management of unexplained infertility, estimate the frequency of pelvic pathology in patients with unexplained infertility with a normal histerosalpingography, evaluate the pregnancy rate after the laparoscopic resolution of their pathology, and review the existent literature. Results: We reviewed all laparoscopic surgeries performed in patients with unexplained infertility in Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica, between 2007-2011. From these, 57 patients met the inclusion criteria, and 39 of them received at least one intrauterine insemination cycle after the procedure. Laparoscopic alterations were present in 82.4 percent of the patients, being the most prevalent ones endometriosis grade I and II (57.8 percent) and pelvic adhesions (43.8 percent). Of the 57 patients who underwent laparoscopy, only 25 completed three cycles of intrauterine insemination, 8 of which conceived (32 percent). Conclusion: Our results are similar to those exposed in other series, regarding pathologic findings and fertility rate after laparoscopy. As there is limited access to advanced reproductive techniques in our country, our management represents an excellent choice for this group of patients.

Selective salpingography and tubal catheterization in infertile women

Use of selective salpingography [SS] and fallopian tube catheterization [TC] has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of proximal tubal infertility. To evaluate results of women treated for proximal tubal obstruction by selective salpingography and tubal catherization. Selective salpingography was performed in women with proximal bilateral tubal obstructions. Follow-up ranged from 4 to 12 months. Twelve patients had been shown to have bilateral proximal obstruction of the fallopian tube. After SS/TC, patency was achieved in 8 cases. Spontaneous conceptions occurred in 4 women. SS and TC should be used more widely because it is simple and effective in case of proximal tubal blockage

Cirugía de mínimo acceso en la infertilidad femenina / Minimum access surgery in the female sterility

La infertilidad es la incapacidad de lograr el embarazo con relaciones sexuales mantenidas durante un año. Entre el 10 y el 20 por ciento de las parejas presentan esta dificultad. La cirugía de mínimo acceso se ha convertido en piedra angular en el tratamiento de la infertilidad femenina. OBJETIVO: Describir los resultados de la cirugía de mínimo acceso en el tratamiento de los factores tubo-peritoneal, ovárico y la endometriosis entre agosto del año 2000 y abril de 2007. Se evaluaron 205 pacientes procedentes de la consulta de infertilidad. MÉTODOS: Investigación descriptiva, longitudinal, prospectiva. Bioética: Consentimiento in formado. Los datos fueron procesados con el paquete estadístico SPSS. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 76 embarazos (37,07 por ciento) distribuidos en: 44 partos, 18 cesáreas, 9 ectópicos y 5 abortos. El rango de edades más frecuente fue de 26 a 30 años, predominó la infertilidad secundaria y el factor tubo-peritoneal (p<0,05). Las técnicas más aplicadas fueron: fimbrioplastia (78 por ciento), salpingoneostomÍa (32,2 por ciento) y salpingoovariolisis (29,3 por ciento). Con la punción múltiple de ovario y la salpingolisis se alcanzó un 50 por ciento de embarazos. La mayorÍa de las pacientes consiguieron embarazarse en menos de 6 meses. Se reportó un 4,3 por ciento de complicaciones. Estos resultados son comparables con los de otros autores. CONCLUSIONES: La cirugÍa de mínimo acceso constituye una opción asequible en el tratamiento de la infertilidad en casos seleccionados con satisfactorios resultados

Infertility is the inability or diminished ability to produce offspring with maintained intercourses for one year. Between the 10 percent and the 20 percent of couples has this difficulty. The minimum access surgery becomes in the cornerstone in treatment of female infertility. OBJECTIVE: To describe results of the minimum access surgery in the treatment of tuboperitoneal factors and ovarian as well as endometriosis between August, 2000 and April, 2007. A total of 205 patients were assessed from the infertility consultation. METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal and descriptive research. Bioethics: written informed consent. Data were processed with the SPSS statistical package. RESULTS: It was possible to achieve 76 pregnancies (37.07 percent) distributed in: 44 deliveries, 18 cesarean sections, 9 ectopic pregnancies and 5 abortions. The more frequent age rank was from 26 to 30 years with predominance of secondary infertility and the tuboperitoneal factor (p < 0.05). The more used techniques were: the fimbrioplasty (78 percent), salpingoneostomy (32.2 percent) and salpingoovariolysis (29.3 percent). With the multiple ovary puncture and the salpingolysis it was possible to achieve the 50 percent of pregnancies. Most of patients made pregnant in less than 6 months. There was a 4.3 percent of complications. Theses results are comparable with those of other authors. CONCLUSIONS: The minimum-access surgery is a feasible option in the treatment of infertility in selected cases with satisfactory results

Reanastomosis tubaria laparoscópica post esterilización: técnica de tres puntos / Laparoscopic tubal reanastomosis: three-stitch technique

Antecedentes: Los avances en las técnicas de cirugía laparoscopia han permitido a cirujanos entrenados realizar reanastomosis tubaria bilateral por laparoscopia, reportando resultados similares a los de la técnica vía laparotómica. Objetivo: Evaluar una nueva técnica de reanastomosis tubaria llamada "técnica de tres puntos". Método: Se realiza estudio retrospectivo que evalúa 5 casos de pacientes con antecedentes de esterilización quirúrgica, a quienes se les realizó reanastomosis tubaria laparoscópica con la técnica de tres puntos. Resultados: La edad promedio de las pacientes fue de 35,8 +/- 5,7 años (rango: 26-40 años); 80 por ciento (8/10) de las trompas fueron reanastomosadas. En dos pacientes la reanastomosis fue unilateral por segmento distal ausente de la trompa contralateral. El tiempo promedio de duración de la cirugía fue de 150 +/- 7,9 minutos (rango: 140-160 minutos). La tasa de embarazo fue de 40 por ciento (2/5). Los embarazos se produjeron en las pacientes más jóvenes y con reanastomosis bilateral. En aquellas que no lograron embarazo se realizó histerosalpingografía verificándose el 100 por ciento de las trompas reanastomosadas permeables.

Background: Advances in endoscopic surgical techniques have allowed well-trained and skilled surgeons to perform tubal anastomosis by laparoscopy reporting similar results than by laparotomy. Objective: To evaluate a new technique we called "three-stitch method". Method: The outcomes for this evaluation were tubal patency and pregnancy rate. A retrospective analysis of five cases of previous tubal sterilization underwent endoscopic tubal reanastomosis using the "three-stitch technique" was done. In all patients a preoperative hysterosalpingogram was performed to confirm occlusion. Results: The average age was 35.8 +/- 5.7 years (rango: 26-40 years). All the patients underwent previous tubal sterilization (four cases using Pomeroy technique and one case with Yoon Ring). Eighty percent (8/10) of tubes were reanastomosed. In two cases, due to inadequate conditions of distal or proximal ends of one tube, surgery was performed on the other only. The average surgical time was 150 +/- 7.9 minutes (range 140-160 minutes). The pregnancy rate was 40 percent (2/5). Pregnancy was achieved in younger patients who underwent bilateral reanastomosis. In those patients where pregnancy was not accomplished, a hysterosalpingography was taken to evaluate tubal patency. All of the reanastomosed tubes showed tubal patency at six months follow-up.

Resección histeroscópica del septo uterino en mujeres infértiles / Hysteroscopic resection of the uterine septum in infertile women

Análisis retrospectivo de 11 pacientes con útero septado sintomático que fueron tratadas con metroplastía histeroscópica en un período de 10 años. Estas pacientes presentaban un total de 16 embarazos, con 14 abortos de primer trimestre y 2 partos pretérmino inmaduros con neomortinatos, sin niños vivos. El propósito de este estudio fue mostrar la eficacia de la histeroscopia quirúrgica en resolver esta patología y mejorar el pronóstico reproductivo. Se intervinieron 7 pacientes con septo parcial y 4 con septo completo. En 8 casos hubo resección del tabique con resectoscopio y en 3 con tijera histeroscópica flexible. Se obtuvo embarazo de término en 6 pacientes (55 por ciento) con recién nacidos normales. De las 5 pacientes que no embarazaron, 3 tenían infertilidad por factor tuboperitoneal extenso, una sin relación de pareja y otra sin controles. Se demuestra la utilidad de la resección histeroscópica del útero septado en cuanto al menor tiempo de hospitalización, la baja morbilidad y los buenos resultados reproductivos.

Electrocoagulación ovárica en pacientes anovulatorias / Ovarian electrocoagulation in anovulatory patients

Dieciocho pacientes anovulatorias refractarias al uso de Citrato de Clomifeno (CC) fueron sometidas a electrocoagulación ovárica durante una laparoscopia realizada como parte del estudio de su infertilidad. Catorce pacientes (78%) ovularon espontáneamente o con CC y 10 (56%) se embarazaron, 7 de ellas con CC. Tres pacientes (21%) tuvieron un aborto espontáneo de I trimestre y una paciente (5,6%) presentó falla ovárica después de la cirugía. Se concluye que en pacientes anovulatorias refractarias al CC, puede efectuarse electrocoagulación ovárica durante la laparoscopia diagnóstica que forma parte del estudio de la mujer infértil.

Eighteen anovulatory patients resistant to treatment with clomiphene were treated by ovarian electrocautery through the laparoscope. Fourteen patients (78%) ovulated spontaneously or after clomiphene treatment and 10 (56%) became pregnant, 7 of them after clomiphene. There patients (21%) had a first trimester abortion and one patient (5.6%) had ovarian failure after surgery. We conclude that ovarian electrocautery can be performed during laparoscopy in infertile anovulatory patients resistant to clomiphene.

Microcirugía tubárica distal translaparoscópica: sus resultados / Translaparoscopic distal tubal micro surgery: its results

Introducción: La patología tubárica distal representa un 30 a 40 por ciento de la causas de disfunción reproductiva. Objetivos: Mostrar los resultados obtenidos con el tratamiento laparoscópico del factor tubárico distal en la paciente con esterilidad de origen tuboperitoneal. Material y Métodos: Desde el año 1996 se analizaron propectivamente pacientes sometidas a cirugía tubárica distal por laparoscopia, con esterilidad por factor tuboperitoneal. Se excluyeron del trabajo a la mujeres con baja reserva ovárica y aquellas parejas con factor masculino severo, pero se incluyeron casos de factor masculino en tratamiento médico o reproducción asistida de baja complejidad. Se realizó un seguimiento mínimo de 1 año. Resultados: Se estudiaron 123 pacientes operadas hasta marzo de 1999, con esterilidad primaria (n=84) o secundaria (n=39). Se realizaron fimbrioplastias (n=107) y salpingoneostomías (n=19). Se obtuvieron 47 embarazos (38.2 por ciento), y en 12 casos ya se verificó un segundo embarazo. La mayoría de los embarazos se obtuvieron en el primer año postoperatorio (74.5 por ciento)y en las pacientes menores de 34 años (76.6 por ciento). La tasa de embarazos ectópicos fue del 6.4 por ciento (3 casos, todos correspondientes a salpingostomías por hidrosálpinx) y la de abortos 23.4 por ciento (11 casos). En 76 casos se halló endometriosis que se trató laparoscópicamente y, en 48 casos (63.1 por ciento) con leuprolide adyuvante por 4-6 meses. De estas pacientes, 24 embarazaron, independientemente del uso adyuvante de leuprolide (p=0.8). Conclusiones: La laparoscopia operatoria permite hoy en día resolver la patología tubárica distal de una manera mínimamente invasiva, con resultados similares a la técnica convencional, en pacientes con factor tuboperitoneal